{
  "reviewed": "2026-10-16",
  "scope": "Bilingual educational articles based on cited publications; external links are references only. Original text and figures are not redistributed.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "davies",
      "title": "Graham Davies — PowerTrain Components",
      "date": "2002-06-26",
      "url": "https://prius.ecrostech.com/original/Understanding/PowerTrain.htm",
      "supports": "Historical starting point: first-generation export Prius, not universal specifications.",
      "supports_ru": "Историческая отправная точка: экспортный Prius первого поколения, а не универсальная спецификация.",
      "upstream_sha256": "c0d3d64c699abea2749d13f6e990287617ae4fafce34ec89be0aae85abb738fb"
    },
    {
      "id": "launch10",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of the original Prius",
      "date": "1997-10-14",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/7905316/",
      "supports": "Original THS, 1.5-litre engine and series/parallel principle.",
      "supports_ru": "Исходная THS, двигатель 1,5 л и последовательно-параллельный принцип."
    },
    {
      "id": "launch11",
      "title": "Toyota — Leaner and Greener: Prius Gets Even Better",
      "date": "2000-05-25",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/7935710",
      "supports": "NHW11 revision, 1NZ-FXE and revised NiMH battery; distinguish from NHW10.",
      "supports_ru": "Обновление NHW11, 1NZ-FXE и новая NiMH-батарея; отличие от NHW10."
    },
    {
      "id": "launch20",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of the second-generation Prius",
      "date": "2003-09-01",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/217527/",
      "supports": "THS II / Hybrid Synergy Drive, 1.5-litre engine, electric air conditioning.",
      "supports_ru": "Второе поколение: THS II / Hybrid Synergy Drive, двигатель 1,5 л, электрический кондиционер."
    },
    {
      "id": "ornl04",
      "title": "ORNL/TM-2006/423 — Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System",
      "date": "2006-05",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub1870.pdf",
      "supports": "Sections 2.2.2–2.2.6: power-split gearset members, 30/78 teeth, MG2 50 kW, 201.6 V pack, boost converter and electrical path.",
      "supports_ru": "Разделы 2.2.2–2.2.6: связи планетарного механизма, 30/78 зубьев, MG2 50 кВт, батарея 201,6 В и электроника."
    },
    {
      "id": "launch30",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of the third-generation Prius",
      "date": "2009-05-18",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/308252",
      "supports": "1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE, MG2 60 kW, 100 kW system, motor reduction gear.",
      "supports_ru": "Третье поколение: 2ZR-FXE 1,8 л, MG2 60 кВт, система 100 кВт, редуктор мотора."
    },
    {
      "id": "ornl10",
      "title": "ORNL — Evaluation of the 2010 Prius, printed p. 41 (scan p. 50)",
      "date": "2011-03",
      "url": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc836432/m1/50/",
      "supports": "Fig. 2.58: power-split gearset/output separation, MG2 reduction 58/22 = 2.636 and ring-to-axle reduction 3.27; no chain in the 2010 arrangement.",
      "supports_ru": "Рис. 2.58, печатная стр. 41: MG2 58/22 ≈ 2,636, передача от короны к полуосям 3,27; компоновка без цепи."
    },
    {
      "id": "phv35",
      "title": "Toyota UK — The New Prius Plug-in Hybrid (first generation)",
      "date": "2011-09-13",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/the-new-prius-plug-in-hybrid-the-greenest-most-technically-advanced-prius-yet/",
      "supports": "Production first-generation plug-in, 4.4 kWh lithium-ion pack.",
      "supports_ru": "Первый серийный подключаемый Prius; Li-ion батарея 4,4 кВт·ч."
    },
    {
      "id": "code35",
      "title": "Toyota Japan — Prius PHV L, November 2012 catalogue",
      "date": "2012-11",
      "url": "https://toyota.jp/ucar/catalog/brand-TOYOTA/car-PRIUS_PHV/201211/10079272/",
      "supports": "ZVW35 production PHV identifier.",
      "supports_ru": "Код серийного подключаемого Prius ZVW35."
    },
    {
      "id": "alpha",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of Prius α",
      "date": "2011-05-13",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/22731531.html",
      "supports": "α/v/+ relationships, 1.8-litre THS II reduction gear, five-seat NiMH versus seven-seat lithium-ion.",
      "supports_ru": "Родство α/v/+, THS II 1,8 л с редуктором; NiMH у пяти мест и Li-ion у семи."
    },
    {
      "id": "alpha-codes",
      "title": "Toyota Japan — Prius α model catalogue",
      "date": "archive",
      "url": "https://toyota.jp/ucar/catalog/brand-TOYOTA/car-PRIUS_ALPHA/",
      "supports": "ZVW40W seven-seat and ZVW41W five-seat model identifiers.",
      "supports_ru": "Японские индексы ZVW40W для семи мест и ZVW41W для пяти."
    },
    {
      "id": "launch50",
      "title": "Toyota — Under the Hood of the All-new Prius",
      "date": "2015-10-13",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/22676198.html",
      "supports": "Fourth-generation multi-shaft packaging, market-specific NiMH/lithium-ion batteries and 40% peak engine thermal efficiency.",
      "supports_ru": "Несколько осей вращения у четвёртого поколения, NiMH/Li-ion по рынкам, пиковые 40% КПД ДВС."
    },
    {
      "id": "gears50",
      "title": "Toyota UK — Advanced Technologies for the Fourth Generation Prius",
      "date": "2015-10-13",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/toyota-introduces-advanced-technologies-for-the-fourth-generation-prius/",
      "supports": "MG2 planetary reduction replaced by parallel gears; 53 kW motor; this does not remove the power-split gearset.",
      "supports_ru": "Параллельные передачи вместо планетарного редуктора MG2; MG2 53 кВт. Сам механизм разделения мощности сохранён."
    },
    {
      "id": "codes50",
      "title": "Toyota Japan — Prius Welcab specifications (base model codes)",
      "date": "2017-11",
      "url": "https://toyota.jp/pages/contents/prius/004_p_003/pdf/welcab/friend/spec_201711.pdf",
      "supports": "Japanese base vehicles ZVW50 NiMH, ZVW51 lithium-ion and ZVW55 E-Four NiMH; not a universal export-trim rule.",
      "supports_ru": "Индексы базовых японских машин: ZVW50 NiMH, ZVW51 Li-ion, ZVW55 E-Four NiMH; не правило для экспортных комплектаций."
    },
    {
      "id": "phv52",
      "title": "Toyota UK — The New Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid",
      "date": "2016-09-29",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/the-new-toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid/",
      "supports": "8.8 kWh pack and Dual Motor EV drive; launch specification for the 2017 model.",
      "supports_ru": "Батарея 8,8 кВт·ч и Dual Motor EV; анонс модели, поступившей в продажу в 2017 году."
    },
    {
      "id": "clutch52",
      "title": "Toyota UK — The New Toyota Prius Plug-in",
      "date": "2017-02-06",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/new-toyota-prius-plug/",
      "supports": "One-way device allows the generator to contribute to EV traction.",
      "supports_ru": "Обгонное устройство позволяет генератору участвовать в электрической тяге."
    },
    {
      "id": "code52",
      "title": "Toyota Japan — Prius PHV specifications",
      "date": "2021-06",
      "url": "https://toyota.jp/pages/contents/priusphv/002_p_007/4.0/pdf/spec/priusphv_spec_202106.pdf",
      "supports": "ZVW52 identifier and plug-in powertrain specification.",
      "supports_ru": "Индекс ZVW52 и спецификация подключаемого привода."
    },
    {
      "id": "launch60",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of All-New Prius HEV in Japan",
      "date": "2023-01-10",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/38482540.html",
      "supports": "Fifth generation; Japanese 1.8/2.0-litre HEVs, FF/E-Four, 2.0-litre system 144 kW.",
      "supports_ru": "Японское пятое поколение: HEV 1,8/2,0 л, передний привод/E-Four, система 2,0 л 144 кВт."
    },
    {
      "id": "codes60",
      "title": "Toyota Japan — Prius catalogue, February 2025",
      "date": "2025-02",
      "url": "https://toyota.jp/pages/contents/request/webcatalog/prius/prius_main_202502.pdf",
      "supports": "ZVW60/ZVW65 1.8 HEV, MXWH60/MXWH65 2.0 HEV, MXWH61 PHEV; no 62 identifier in this edition.",
      "supports_ru": "Коды ZVW60/ZVW65 1,8 HEV, MXWH60/MXWH65 2,0 HEV, MXWH61 PHEV; индекса 62 в этой редакции нет."
    },
    {
      "id": "phv61",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of All-New Prius PHEV in Japan",
      "date": "2023-03-01",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/38869594.html",
      "supports": "2.0-litre PHEV, 164 kW system, front-wheel drive; EV operation has engine-start exceptions.",
      "supports_ru": "PHEV 2,0 л, система 164 кВт, передний привод; исключения из движения с выключенным ДВС."
    },
    {
      "id": "prime61",
      "title": "Toyota USA — Prime Time for More EV Miles with the All-New 2023 Prius Prime",
      "date": "2023-04-05",
      "url": "https://pressroom.toyota.com/prime-time-for-more-ev-miles-with-the-all-new-2023-prius-prime/",
      "supports": "13.6 kWh battery; M20A-FXS, MG1/MG2 and planetary e-CVT retained in fifth-generation PHEV.",
      "supports_ru": "Батарея 13,6 кВт·ч; M20A-FXS, MG1/MG2 и планетарная e-CVT у PHEV пятого поколения."
    },
    {
      "id": "aqua11",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of Aqua in Japan",
      "date": "2011-12-26",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/159747",
      "supports": "Compact 1.5-litre THS II with reduction gear; not a Prius 20 transaxle transplant.",
      "supports_ru": "Компактная THS II 1,5 л с редуктором; не простая перестановка трансмиссии Prius 20."
    },
    {
      "id": "yaris20",
      "title": "Toyota — All-new Yaris launch",
      "date": "2019-12-20",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/30486432.html",
      "supports": "1.5-litre three-cylinder Dynamic Force hybrid; distinguish hybrid e-CVT from gasoline Direct Shift-CVT.",
      "supports_ru": "Гибрид с трёхцилиндровым Dynamic Force 1,5 л; не путать с Direct Shift-CVT бензиновой версии."
    },
    {
      "id": "aqua21",
      "title": "Toyota — Launch of All-New Aqua",
      "date": "2021-07-19",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/35584064.html",
      "supports": "1.5-litre Dynamic Force hybrid, bipolar NiMH (except B grade), E-Four availability.",
      "supports_ru": "Гибрид Dynamic Force 1,5 л, биполярная NiMH кроме комплектации B, доступность E-Four."
    },
    {
      "id": "ct",
      "title": "Lexus — Launch of CT 200h in Japan",
      "date": "2011-01-12",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/175459",
      "supports": "1.8-litre Atkinson-cycle Lexus hybrid, illustrating a Prius-related application.",
      "supports_ru": "Lexus с двигателем 1,8 л по циклу Аткинсона как пример родственного применения."
    },
    {
      "id": "ths2litre",
      "title": "Toyota — 2.0-liter Toyota Hybrid System (THS II)",
      "date": "2018-02-26",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/mobility/tnga/powertrain2018/ths2/",
      "supports": "Two-motor mechanical power split, parallel reduction gears; separate 2.0-litre TNGA branch.",
      "supports_ru": "Механическое разделение мощности с двумя электрическими машинами и параллельными передачами: ветка TNGA 2,0 л."
    },
    {
      "id": "corolla23",
      "title": "Toyota UK — Corolla with fifth-generation hybrid electric technology",
      "date": "2023-02-14",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/toyota-launches-the-new-corolla-with-fifth-generation-hybrid-electric-technology/",
      "supports": "2023 European Corolla 1.8/2.0 hybrids; hybrid-system generation is not a Prius chassis code.",
      "supports_ru": "Европейская Corolla 2023 года с гибридами 1,8/2,0 л; поколение системы не равно индексу кузова Prius."
    },
    {
      "id": "tech23",
      "title": "Toyota UK — Technology for a new hybrid electric generation",
      "date": "2023-04-14",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/toyota-technology-for-a-new-hybrid-electric-generation/",
      "supports": "Fifth-generation Corolla: multi-axis transaxle, lithium-ion battery and revised PCU/cooling; specification boundaries.",
      "supports_ru": "Corolla пятого поколения гибридной техники: несколько осей, Li-ion, новые PCU и охлаждение."
    },
    {
      "id": "ths25",
      "title": "Toyota — Advancement of Toyota Hybrid System II",
      "date": "2016-12-06",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/powertrain/ths/",
      "supports": "2.5-litre Dynamic Force THS II and separate rear-drive multistage hybrid branch.",
      "supports_ru": "Dynamic Force THS II 2,5 л и отдельная заднеприводная многоступенчатая ветка."
    },
    {
      "id": "rav4",
      "title": "Toyota UK — World debut of the all-new RAV4",
      "date": "2018-03-28",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/world-debut-new-toyota-rav4-new-york-international-auto-show/",
      "supports": "2019 RAV4 2.5-litre hybrid, separate rear electric motor in AWD version.",
      "supports_ru": "RAV4 2019 года: гибрид 2,5 л и отдельный задний электромотор у полного привода."
    },
    {
      "id": "hybridmax",
      "title": "Toyota USA — The New Shape of Innovation: Toyota Crown",
      "date": "2022-10-25",
      "url": "https://pressroom.toyota.com/the-new-shape-of-innovation-toyota-crown-arrives-in-early-2023/",
      "supports": "Crown THS e-CVT versus HYBRID MAX turbo 2.4, six-speed automatic and wet start clutch: explicit exception to Prius architecture.",
      "supports_ru": "Crown: THS e-CVT и другая схема HYBRID MAX с турбо 2,4 л, шестиступенчатым автоматом и мокрым стартовым сцеплением."
    },
    {
      "id": "boost",
      "title": "Toyota — Development of the new THS II",
      "date": "2003-04-17",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/220017",
      "supports": "500 V boost circuit, permanent-magnet synchronous motor and variable engine/motor contribution.",
      "supports_ru": "Повышение напряжения до 500 В, синхронный мотор с постоянными магнитами и изменение вклада ДВС/мотора."
    },
    {
      "id": "pcu",
      "title": "Toyota Technical Review Vol.54 — Development of High Output Power Control Unit for Hybrid SUVs",
      "date": "2005",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/pages/global_toyota/mobility/technology/toyota-technical-review/TTR_Vol54-1_E.pdf",
      "supports": "Printed p. 50, PCU block diagram: boost converter, MG inverters and 12 V DC/DC are different functions.",
      "supports_ru": "Печатная стр. 50: повышающий преобразователь, инверторы и DC/DC 12 В выполняют разные функции."
    },
    {
      "id": "history",
      "title": "Toyota — Development of Prius and Hybrid Strategy",
      "date": "2012",
      "url": "https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/leaping_forward_as_a_global_corporation/chapter4/section8/item1_a.html",
      "supports": "Series/parallel concept and original THS motor/generator/power-split combination.",
      "supports_ru": "История THS: последовательно-параллельная концепция и связь двигателя, мотора, генератора и планетарного механизма."
    },
    {
      "id": "camry",
      "title": "Toyota — Completely Redesigned Camry",
      "date": "2017-07-10",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/17680157",
      "supports": "2017 Japanese Camry with A25A-FXS 2.5-litre Dynamic Force THS II and lithium-ion battery.",
      "supports_ru": "Японский Camry 2017 года: A25A-FXS 2,5 л Dynamic Force THS II и Li-ion батарея."
    },
    {
      "id": "family-names",
      "title": "Toyota USA — Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Top 6 Million Units",
      "date": "2014-01-15",
      "url": "https://pressroom.toyota.com/worldwide-toyota-hybrid-sales-top-6-million/",
      "supports": "Regional family names Aqua/Prius c and Prius alpha/v/+; wider hybrid model inventory, not proof of identical architecture.",
      "supports_ru": "Региональные имена Aqua/Prius c и Prius α/v/+; перечень других гибридов, не доказательство одинаковой конструкции."
    },
    {
      "id": "toyota-prius-birth-2017",
      "title": "Toyota: The Story Behind the Birth of the Prius, Part 1",
      "url": "https://global.toyota/en/prius20th/challenge/birth/01/",
      "date": "11.12.2017",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Разработка Toyota G21 в Японии, 1993–1994 G21 project; указание Wada о гибриде",
      "source_edition": "11.12.2017"
    },
    {
      "id": "john-log-1",
      "title": "John1701a: Personal Log 1",
      "url": "https://john1701a.com/logs/personal-log.htm",
      "date": "03.01.2006",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Личный журнал, Prius 2001 автора, Миннесота, США 05.06.2000; 09.09.2000; 04.11.1988",
      "source_edition": "страница обновлена 03.01.2006; записи 1988–2000"
    },
    {
      "id": "anl-input-split-2010",
      "title": "Argonne: Tradeoff Between Powertrain Complexity and Fuel Efficiency",
      "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f11/vss010_rousseau_2010_o.pdf",
      "date": "08.06.2010",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Модель single-mode input-split EVT, схема Prius; не спецификация всех трансмиссий PDF стр.7 (слайд 7), PDF стр.18 (слайд 19), Single Mode EVT",
      "source_edition": "08.06.2010"
    },
    {
      "id": "davies-planetary-torque",
      "title": "Graham Davies: Power Split Device",
      "url": "https://prius.ecrostech.com/original/Understanding/PowerSplitDevice.htm",
      "date": "source edition",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Ранний Prius в авторском объяснении Gear tooth counts; Соотношения моментов в планетарном механизме",
      "source_edition": "историческая редакция; точная дата в прочитанном тексте не установлена"
    },
    {
      "id": "ornl-prius-2004-evaluation",
      "title": "ORNL: Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub1870.pdf",
      "date": "2006",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Исследованный Prius 2004, Gen2; не мировая спецификация всех годов Печатные стр. 7–11 (PDF 16–20), Table 2.1, §§2.2.2–2.2.6; стр. 56 (PDF 65), §5.3",
      "source_edition": "Publication Date May 2006, ORNL/TM-2006/423; на внешней обложке May 2005"
    },
    {
      "id": "toyota-prius-uk-2003",
      "title": "Toyota UK: Prius Paves The Way Ahead",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.co.uk/toyota-prius-paves-the-way-ahead/",
      "date": "02.12.2003",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Второе поколение Prius, запуск UK 02.01.2004 PRIUS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS; REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM",
      "source_edition": "02.12.2003"
    },
    {
      "id": "ornl-prius-2010-evaluation",
      "title": "ORNL: Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub26762.pdf",
      "date": "2011",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Исследованный Prius 2010 Gen3; Camry 2007 и Prius 2004 только в сравнении отчёта Печатная стр. 41 (PDF 50), Fig. 2.58 и абзацы перед Table 2.6",
      "source_edition": "Март 2011, FY2011"
    },
    {
      "id": "honda-civic-ima-2006",
      "title": "Honda: Hybrid System with 3-stage i-VTEC + IMA",
      "url": "https://hondanews.com/en-US/releases/release-b6e38b752af0fbb6d68fb2004c34c1d0-honda-announces-development-of-new-honda-hybrid-system-with-3-stage-i-vtec-ima",
      "date": "06.07.2005",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "США, Civic Hybrid 2006, система IMA New Honda Hybrid System Modes of Operation; Specifications",
      "source_edition": "06.07.2005, модель 2006"
    },
    {
      "id": "toyota-prius-canada-2010",
      "title": "Toyota Canada: What's New, 2010 Prius",
      "url": "https://media.toyota.ca/en/whats-new/2009/whats-new-2010-toyota-prius.html",
      "date": "2009",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Канада, Prius третьего поколения, 1,8 л SPECIFICATIONS; TECHNOLOGIES",
      "source_edition": "2009, модельный год 2010; точный день не указан в прочитанном тексте"
    },
    {
      "id": "john-log-1043",
      "title": "John1701a: Personal Log 1043",
      "url": "https://john1701a.com/logs/personal-log_1043.htm",
      "date": "02.12.2020",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Полемика о Toyota Hybrid/PHEV и обслуживании 02.12.2020, Intentional",
      "source_edition": "28.11–02.12.2020; обновлена 21.02.2021"
    },
    {
      "id": "toyota-phv-europe-2023",
      "title": "Toyota Europe: All-New Prius Plug-in Hybrid",
      "url": "https://newsroom.toyota.eu/all-new-toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-0/",
      "date": "2023",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "Европа, Prius PHEV пятого поколения, 2,0 л Powertrain; Regeneration Boost; charging",
      "source_edition": "2023, европейский launch pack; точная дата публикации не установлена"
    },
    {
      "id": "toyota-prius-hev-us-2023",
      "title": "Toyota USA: Hybrid Reborn, 2023 Prius",
      "url": "https://pressroom.toyota.com/hybrid-reborn-2023-toyota-prius-revealed/",
      "date": "16.11.2022",
      "supports": "Selected document sections; vehicle, market and measurement limits accompany the cited claims.",
      "supports_ru": "США, модельный год 2023, HEV 2,0 л FWD/AWD Powertrain; acceleration",
      "source_edition": "16.11.2022; метаданные страницы 17.11.2022 UTC"
    }
  ],
  "retrieval_note": "References inspected through web research. Direct outbound HTTPS from QA host reset connections on 2026-10-16; only the small original HTML was downloaded locally for its upstream hash, then removed. Browser QA uses the existing offline image."
}